Particles:
· を wo / marks the Accusative case (the direct object)
Ex: くすりを かいます
Kusuri wo kaimasu. I’m buying medicines.
· と to
- “and”
Ex: あなた と 山田さん は ともだち です
Anata to Yamada san wa tomodachi desu. You and Yamada are friends.
- “with” – reciprocity
Ex: 先生は は きむらさん と はなします
Sensei wa Kimura san to hanashimasu. The teacher is talking/to with Kimura.
The verb – second part
To the root of the verb we add:
- masu – to form the present affirmative
- mashita – to form the past affirmative
- masen – to form the present negative
- masen deshita – to form the past negative
Ø The form “mashita” (past affirmative) / “masen deshita” (past negative)
· For group I verbs, in order to get the past form, we replace the – u ending with:
-imashita (affirmative) ex: to drink – nomu – nomimashita / I drank
-imasen deshita (negative) ex: to listen – kiku – kikimasen deshita / I didn’t listen
· For the second group verbs, we form the past tense by replacing the ending –iru,-eru with:
-mashita (affirmative) ex: to open – akeru – akemashita / I opened
-masen deshita (negative) ex: to think – shinjiru – shinjimasen deshita / I didn’t think
· For the irregular verbs (third group verbs) the past forms are:
To do – suru – shimashita / I did - shimasen deshita/ I didn’t do;
To come – kuru – kimashita / I came – kimasen deshita / I didn’t come;
Examples :
たかしさんと はなしませんでした
Takashisan to hanashimasen deshita / I didn’t talk to Mr. Takashi.
まど を あけました
Mado wo akemashita / I opened the window.
かれは がっこうに きませんでした
Kare wa gakko ni kimasen deshita / He didn’t come to school.